NCERT Notes: Grade 6 Social Science - History - Chapter 4: In the Earliest Cities

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Introduction

Chapter 4 takes us on an enthralling journey back in time, where we visit the earliest cities of ancient India. These cities, part of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), were a testament to the innovative spirit of the ancient people.

Discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization

The ruins of the IVC, notably Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, were discovered in the 1920s. These ancient urban centers, spread across present-day Pakistan and western India, gave a glimpse of a highly sophisticated urban culture.

Urban Planning in the IVC

The cities exhibited advanced:

Drainage Systems: Streets had drains covered with stone slabs.
Water Management: Wells were found in almost every home.
Structured Housing: Houses were made of baked bricks and had an inner courtyard.

Notable Features of the IVC

1. Uniformity:

Uniform brick sizes, script, and standard weights reflect centralized planning.

2. Non-Military Nature:

Unlike other ancient urban centers, there were no grand palaces, temples, or massive monuments, suggesting a peaceful coexistence.

3. Craftsmanship:

Various artifacts, such as seals, pottery, jewelry, reveal the expertise of artisans.

4. Trade and Commerce:

Presence of seals and weights indicates thriving trade.
Evidence suggests they traded with Mesopotamia.

5. Script and Language:

While the script is yet to be deciphered fully, it demonstrates the existence of a language and possible administration.

Life in the IVC Cities

Occupations: Artisans, traders, priests, and farmers formed the backbone of society.
Religion: While the exact nature remains a mystery, numerous terracotta figurines and seals hint at a variety of religious practices.
Diet: People consumed grains like wheat, barley, and fish, as evidenced by the remains.

Decline of the IVC

While the exact reasons are not pinpointed, hypotheses include:

Natural Calamities: Earthquakes or floods may have disrupted urban life.
Ecological Changes: Overuse of resources might have led to ecological imbalances.

Learnings from the IVC

Sustainable Living: The IVC people harnessed resources without drastically altering nature.
Peaceful Coexistence: The apparent lack of massive fortifications or military structures suggests a relatively peaceful urban life.
Innovation: Advanced urban planning, crafts, and trade practices indicate a society of innovators.

Conclusion

The Indus Valley Civilization stands as an architectural marvel of ancient times. While it faded away, it left indelible imprints, reminding us of the glorious past of the subcontinent. This chapter unravels the life, culture, and the brilliance of the people of one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations.

Reference: NCERT Grade 6 Social Science - History - Chapter 4: In the Earliest Cities