New Kings and Kingdoms: The Emergence of Dominant Forces in Ancient India

As India’s historical narrative unfolded, the seventh century heralded the rise of new kings and the expansion of their kingdoms. Chapter 2 of the NCERT Grade 7 Social Science textbook delves into this intriguing epoch, chronicling the power shifts and the socio-political landscape of ancient India.

1. The Genesis of New Dynasties

Post the decline of ancient empires, India witnessed the emergence of new dynasties:

• Pratiharas: Dominating the northwest, they were significant in extending influences.
• Rashtrakutas: With Deccan as their stronghold, their rule left an indelible mark on architecture and culture.
• Pallavas and Cholas: The southern dynasties, they showcased prowess in administration and maritime conquests.

2. Warfare for Wealth

The newfound wealth from trade led to intensified warfare, with kingdoms vying for dominance over prosperous regions.

• Horse-mounted cavalry: Became the predominant force, replacing the traditional elephant army.
• Tributes and Samantas: Conquered kings were often left in their positions in exchange for tributes, turning them into subordinate allies or samantas.

3. The Spread of Culture: Temples and Agraharas

The period witnessed an architectural and cultural renaissance.

• Temples: Became the hub of cultural and economic life. They were not just religious centers but also the nucleus of art, dance, and learning.
• Agraharas: Land grants given to Brahmins, they transformed into educational hubs where philosophical debates and Vedic studies flourished.

4. The Pinnacle of Chola Power

The Cholas stand out for their administrative prowess and maritime expeditions.

• Rajaraja I and Rajendra I: Spearheaded the territorial and naval dominance, with their influence even extending to Southeast Asia.
• Tanjavur: The grand Brihadeeswara temple stands as a testament to Chola’s architectural splendor.

5. Administration Under the Cholas

The Cholas’ administration was a blend of central authority and local autonomy.

• Mandala, Nadu, and Ur: The empire was divided for efficient governance with Mandalam being the largest unit, followed by Nadu and then Ur at the village level.
• Local Assemblies: Villages had committees or sabhas that took decisions for local welfare.

6. The Ascendancy of the Gurjara-Pratiharas

Positioning themselves as the protectors of the Hindu faith, they resisted Muslim invasions, ensuring the sanctity of the western frontiers.

• Kannauj: Their reign saw Kannauj’s emergence as a significant political and cultural center.

7. Appreciating Historical Narratives

These ancient records, like inscriptions on temples or copper plates, provide a nuanced understanding of the era:

• Sanskrit Poetry: Chronicles of the time, such as those written by Kalhana, offer an invaluable perspective on the socio-political climate.

Conclusion: Embracing a Bygone Era

The era of new kings and kingdoms is not just about power dynamics; it’s a celebration of India’s rich cultural, architectural, and administrative heritage. This chapter serves as a window to that past, offering a panoramic view of an India on the cusp of monumental transformations.

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